War shield
Description
wood, brown patina, black and white pigment, coated with rows of engraved vertical chevron patterns and three painted zigzag-lines, top edge lined with leaves, carrying strap from plant fibre secured through two holes and simple knots on the front side, minor missing parts (rim on the right and at the bottom, leaf coating), abrasion of paint, traces of weathering and insect caused damage backside, traces of old age;
fighting shields were traditionally used throughout the highlands and, at first contact - early in the 20th century - tribal war was endemic and a major pre-occupation of men. Shields were carried over the arm and were used predominantly as protection against spears. The main offensive weapons used in combat were the spear, and the bow and arrows, with stone axes, stone-headed clubs, and bone knives for closer fighting. The largest battle ever recorded was described in 1977, when 2500 warriors of the Enga met on the battleground in almost ritualistic warfare. There were few deaths and battles were followed by ritualized ceremonial exchange.